CellMed 2024; 14(2): 2.1-2.10
Published online February 29, 2024
https://doi.org/10.5667/CellMed.2024.002
© Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical Association
Correspondence to : Mi-Hye Kim
E-mail: kimmihye92@hoseo.edu
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)
Through big data analysis of the ‘Joseonwangjosilok’, this study examines the perception of ginseng among the ruling class and its utilization during the Joseon era. It aims to provide foundational data for the development of ginseng into a high-value cultural commodity. The focus of this research, the Joseonwangjosilok, comprises 1,968 volumes in 948 books, spanning a record of 518 years. Data was collected through web crawling on the website of the National Institute of Korean History, followed by frequency analysis of significant words. To assess the interest in ginseng across the reigns of 27 kings during the Joseon era, ginseng frequency records were adjusted based on years in power and the number of articles, creating an interest index for comparative rankings across reigns. Analysis revealed higher interest in ginseng during the reigns of King Jeongjo and King Yeongjo in the 18th century, King Sunjo in the 19th century, King Sejong in the 15th century, King Sukjong in the 17th century, and King Gojong in the 19th century. Examining the temporal emergence and changes in ginseng during the Joseon era, general ginseng types like insam and sansam had the highest frequency in the 15th century. It appears that Korea adeptly utilized ceremonial goods in diplomatic relations with China and Japan, meeting the demand for ginseng from their royal and aristocratic societies. Processed ginseng varieties such as hongsam and posam, along with traded and taxed ginseng, showed peak frequency in the 18th century. This coincided with increased cultivation, allowing a higher supply and fostering the development of ginseng processing technologies like hongsam.
Keywords Joseonwangjosilok (朝鮮王朝實錄), textual frequency analysis, Joseon era, food culture, ginseng
From the period of the Three States to the present, ginseng has symbolized South Korea's pivotal export commodity, garnering significance in diplomatic ties with various nations. Recognized in Eastern medicine as a superior medicinal herb referred to as '
Until now, numerous studies in South Korea have corresponded with the prominence of ginseng, unfolding along two major axes. Research has extensively covered governmental ginseng policies concerning domestic commerce and international trade,2,6 sociological studies on the status and scale of ginseng trade,7,8 and biochemical investigations into ginseng's components and efficacy, totaling over 7,000 publications.9 Additionally, some scholarly works have delved into cultural-historical examinations, focusing on the activities of ginseng merchants.9-11 However, these studies have mostly identified particular groups or eras, lacking a holistic, comprehensive cultural approach to the perception of ginseng throughout the entire
Recently, the '
Therefore, this study aims to explore the perception of ginseng among the ruling class during the
This study encompassed the analysis of ginseng-related records throughout the entire duration of the
The web crawling software, developed using Python 3.8, employed algorithms to automatically gather all
Table 1 . Data collection by web-crawling
Korean(N) | Missing(N) | Rate(%) | Chinese Characters(N) | Missing(N) | Rate(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
384,565 | 39 | 0.01 | 384,567 | 38 | 0.01 |
The data analysis involved using Python 3.8 to generate separate datasets categorized by year from the respective site. Subsequently, it entailed identifying necessary sentences and extracting URLs from all pages to generate a list of required content.12,13 The constructed web crawler navigated through the generated URLs, extracting and storing relevant information in the database.
To analyze ginseng-related articles within the '
The '
Table 2 . Classification and frequency of Ginseng in 『
Category | Variation | Word | Number | Percent(%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representative | CN1) | ginseng | 蔘 | 2,627 | |
Regular ginseng | Environment | 眞蔘 | 1 | 0.13 | |
人蔘 | 695 | 87.86 | |||
山蔘 | 19 | 2.40 | |||
Cultivated land | 胡蔘 | 4 | 0.51 | ||
羅蔘 | 44 | 5.56 | |||
Shape | 體蔘 | 26 | 3.29 | ||
羊角蔘 | 2 | 0.25 | |||
subtotal | 791 | ||||
Processed ginseng | 把蔘 | 36 | 18.65 | ||
尾蔘 | 45 | 23.32 | |||
紅蔘 | 22 | 11.40 | |||
造蔘 | 16 | 8.29 | |||
包蔘 | 40 | 20.73 | |||
ginseng tea | 蔘茶 | 34 | 17.62 | ||
subtotal | 193 | ||||
Public payment ginseng | 稅蔘 | 24 | 17.27 | ||
別貿蔘 | 7 | 5.04 | |||
家蔘 | 14 | 10.07 | |||
戶蔘 | 12 | 8.63 | |||
貢蔘 | 82 | 58.99 | |||
subtotal | 139 | ||||
Trade ginseng | 禮單蔘 | 15 | 19.23 | ||
信蔘 | 26 | 33.33 | |||
單蔘 | 35 | 44.87 | |||
換品蔘 | 2 | 2.56 | |||
subtotal | 78 | ||||
Total | 3,828 |
1) CN: Collective Noun
The total frequency of all extracted words related to ginseng in the records amounted to 3,828 occurrences. Among these, the unique term for ginseng,
When examining the quantitative frequency of ginseng expressions that reveal specific names for ginseng, within the category of general ginseng:
In the processed ginseng category:
For tribute ginseng:
Examining the interest levels in ginseng across the reigns of the 27 kings during the
Among these kings, King
In the year of King
Second in ginseng interest was King
Additionally, in King
Third in ginseng interest was King
Among all the kings of the
To understand the characteristics of ginseng culture across different eras, an analysis was conducted on the frequency of occurrence of ginseng by specific types across centuries, as shown in Table 3. There were a total of 23 types of ginseng recorded in the annals, with a frequency of 3,828 mentions. Excluding the general term
Table 3 . Classification and frequency of Ginseng by century
Category | Variation | 15C | 16C | 17C | 18C | 19C | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginseng | 蔘 | 502(19.1)1) | 82(3.1) | 393(15.0) | 1,225(46.6) | 425(16.2) | 2,627 | |
Regular ginseng | 眞蔘 | - | - | - | 1(100) | - | 1 | |
胡蔘 | - | - | - | 4(100) | - | 4 | ||
體蔘 | - | - | - | 26(100) | - | 26 | ||
羅蔘 | - | - | - | 40(90.9) | 4(9.1) | 44 | ||
人蔘 | 440(63.3) | 13(1.9) | 84(12.1) | 106(15.3) | 52(7.5) | 695 | ||
山蔘 | 6(31.6) | 3(15.8) | 1(5.3) | 2(10.5) | 7(36.8) | 19 | ||
羊角蔘 | - | - | 2(100) | - | - | 2 | ||
subtotal | 446(56.4) | 16(2.0) | 87(11.0) | 179(22.6) | 63(8.0) | 791 | ||
Processed ginseng | 把蔘 | - | - | 35(97.2) | 1(2.8) | - | 36 | |
尾蔘 | - | - | - | 45(100) | - | 45 | ||
紅蔘 | - | - | - | 3(13.6) | 19(86.4) | 22 | ||
造蔘 | - | - | - | 13(81.3) | 3(18.8) | 16 | ||
包蔘 | - | - | - | 4(10.0) | 36(90.0) | 40 | ||
ginseng tea | 蔘茶 | - | - | 1(2.9) | 32(94.1) | 1(2.9) | 34 | |
subtotal | - | - | 36(18.7) | 98(50.8) | 59(30.6) | 193 | ||
Public payment ginseng | 稅蔘 | - | - | 2(8.3) | 22(91.7) | - | 24 | |
別貿蔘 | - | - | - | 7(100) | - | 7 | ||
家蔘 | - | - | - | 12(85.7) | 2(14.3) | 14 | ||
戶蔘 | - | - | - | 8(66.7) | 4(33.3) | 12 | ||
貢蔘 | 4(4.9) | - | 8(9.8) | 45(54.9) | 25(30.5) | 82 | ||
subtotal | 4(2.9) | - | 10(7.2) | 94(67.6) | 31(22.3) | 139 | ||
Trade ginseng | 禮單蔘 | - | - | - | 12(80.0) | 3(20.0) | 15 | |
信蔘 | - | - | - | 15(57.7) | 11(42.3) | 26 | ||
單蔘 | - | - | - | 19(54.3) | 16(45.7) | 35 | ||
換品蔘 | - | - | - | - | 2(100) | 2 | ||
subtotal | - | - | - | 46(59.0) | 32(41.0) | 78 | ||
Total | 952(24.9) | 98(2.6) | 526(13.7) | 1642(42.9) | 610(15.9) | 3,828 |
1) Number(percent)
In the records from the 15th century, there were 440 mentions of ginseng (63.3%), 6 mentions of sansam (31.6%), and 4 mentions of gongsam (4.9%). In the early
During the 16th century, there were 13 mentions of ginseng (1.9%) and 3 mentions of sansam (15.8%), marking the lowest frequency of occurrence throughout the
In the 17th century, there were 84 mentions of ginseng (12.1%), 1 mention of
The 18th century witnessed the highest variety and frequency of ginseng types. Among the common ginseng types,
In the 19th century, there were 4 mentions of
Examining the overall occurrence frequency of various ginseng types throughout the 500-year historical flow of the
Generic ginseng types like insam and sansam appeared most frequently in the 15th century with 446 occurrences (56.4%), followed by the 18th century with 179 occurrences (22.6%), the 17th century with 87 occurrences (11.0%), the 19th century with 63 occurrences (8.0%), and the 16th century with 16 occurrences (2.0%). Processed ginseng types like hongsam and posam showed higher occurrences in the 18th century with 98 occurrences (50.8%), the 19th century with 59 occurrences (30.6%), and the 17th century with 36 occurrences (18.7%). Gongnapsam (tribute ginseng) appeared with 94 occurrences (67.6%) in the 18th century, 31 occurrences (22.3%) in the 19th century, 10 occurrences (7.2%) in the 17th century, and 4 occurrences (2.9%) in the 15th century, indicating the emergence of
In this study, an analysis of the '
The extraction of all words related to ginseng in the Annals revealed that the unique term for ginseng, '
In order to assess the level of interest in ginseng across different reigns during the
Analyzing the appearance status of ginseng by century and ginseng product types aimed at understanding the cultural characteristics of ginseng during the
The 16th century, with the lowest frequency of ginseng appearance, was a unique period marked by the
With the arrival of
Another ginseng type that surfaced in the 18th century was
When the
To overcome this, in 1707 (the 33rd year of King
In the 19th century, the prominent ginseng type with a noticeable appearance frequency was
Through an overarching examination of the temporal changes in ginseng appearances during the
The emergence frequency of processed ginseng types such as
Not applicable
The authors have no conflicting financial interests.
CellMed 2024; 14(2): 2.1-2.10
Published online February 29, 2024 https://doi.org/10.5667/CellMed.2024.002
Copyright © Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical Association.
Mi-Hye Kim*
* Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Republic of Korea
Correspondence to:Mi-Hye Kim
E-mail: kimmihye92@hoseo.edu
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)
Through big data analysis of the ‘Joseonwangjosilok’, this study examines the perception of ginseng among the ruling class and its utilization during the Joseon era. It aims to provide foundational data for the development of ginseng into a high-value cultural commodity. The focus of this research, the Joseonwangjosilok, comprises 1,968 volumes in 948 books, spanning a record of 518 years. Data was collected through web crawling on the website of the National Institute of Korean History, followed by frequency analysis of significant words. To assess the interest in ginseng across the reigns of 27 kings during the Joseon era, ginseng frequency records were adjusted based on years in power and the number of articles, creating an interest index for comparative rankings across reigns. Analysis revealed higher interest in ginseng during the reigns of King Jeongjo and King Yeongjo in the 18th century, King Sunjo in the 19th century, King Sejong in the 15th century, King Sukjong in the 17th century, and King Gojong in the 19th century. Examining the temporal emergence and changes in ginseng during the Joseon era, general ginseng types like insam and sansam had the highest frequency in the 15th century. It appears that Korea adeptly utilized ceremonial goods in diplomatic relations with China and Japan, meeting the demand for ginseng from their royal and aristocratic societies. Processed ginseng varieties such as hongsam and posam, along with traded and taxed ginseng, showed peak frequency in the 18th century. This coincided with increased cultivation, allowing a higher supply and fostering the development of ginseng processing technologies like hongsam.
Keywords: Joseonwangjosilok (朝鮮王朝實錄), textual frequency analysis, Joseon era, food culture, ginseng
From the period of the Three States to the present, ginseng has symbolized South Korea's pivotal export commodity, garnering significance in diplomatic ties with various nations. Recognized in Eastern medicine as a superior medicinal herb referred to as '
Until now, numerous studies in South Korea have corresponded with the prominence of ginseng, unfolding along two major axes. Research has extensively covered governmental ginseng policies concerning domestic commerce and international trade,2,6 sociological studies on the status and scale of ginseng trade,7,8 and biochemical investigations into ginseng's components and efficacy, totaling over 7,000 publications.9 Additionally, some scholarly works have delved into cultural-historical examinations, focusing on the activities of ginseng merchants.9-11 However, these studies have mostly identified particular groups or eras, lacking a holistic, comprehensive cultural approach to the perception of ginseng throughout the entire
Recently, the '
Therefore, this study aims to explore the perception of ginseng among the ruling class during the
This study encompassed the analysis of ginseng-related records throughout the entire duration of the
The web crawling software, developed using Python 3.8, employed algorithms to automatically gather all
Table 1 . Data collection by web-crawling.
Korean(N) | Missing(N) | Rate(%) | Chinese Characters(N) | Missing(N) | Rate(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
384,565 | 39 | 0.01 | 384,567 | 38 | 0.01 |
The data analysis involved using Python 3.8 to generate separate datasets categorized by year from the respective site. Subsequently, it entailed identifying necessary sentences and extracting URLs from all pages to generate a list of required content.12,13 The constructed web crawler navigated through the generated URLs, extracting and storing relevant information in the database.
To analyze ginseng-related articles within the '
The '
Table 2 . Classification and frequency of Ginseng in 『
Category | Variation | Word | Number | Percent(%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representative | CN1) | ginseng | 蔘 | 2,627 | |
Regular ginseng | Environment | 眞蔘 | 1 | 0.13 | |
人蔘 | 695 | 87.86 | |||
山蔘 | 19 | 2.40 | |||
Cultivated land | 胡蔘 | 4 | 0.51 | ||
羅蔘 | 44 | 5.56 | |||
Shape | 體蔘 | 26 | 3.29 | ||
羊角蔘 | 2 | 0.25 | |||
subtotal | 791 | ||||
Processed ginseng | 把蔘 | 36 | 18.65 | ||
尾蔘 | 45 | 23.32 | |||
紅蔘 | 22 | 11.40 | |||
造蔘 | 16 | 8.29 | |||
包蔘 | 40 | 20.73 | |||
ginseng tea | 蔘茶 | 34 | 17.62 | ||
subtotal | 193 | ||||
Public payment ginseng | 稅蔘 | 24 | 17.27 | ||
別貿蔘 | 7 | 5.04 | |||
家蔘 | 14 | 10.07 | |||
戶蔘 | 12 | 8.63 | |||
貢蔘 | 82 | 58.99 | |||
subtotal | 139 | ||||
Trade ginseng | 禮單蔘 | 15 | 19.23 | ||
信蔘 | 26 | 33.33 | |||
單蔘 | 35 | 44.87 | |||
換品蔘 | 2 | 2.56 | |||
subtotal | 78 | ||||
Total | 3,828 |
1) CN: Collective Noun.
The total frequency of all extracted words related to ginseng in the records amounted to 3,828 occurrences. Among these, the unique term for ginseng,
When examining the quantitative frequency of ginseng expressions that reveal specific names for ginseng, within the category of general ginseng:
In the processed ginseng category:
For tribute ginseng:
Examining the interest levels in ginseng across the reigns of the 27 kings during the
Among these kings, King
In the year of King
Second in ginseng interest was King
Additionally, in King
Third in ginseng interest was King
Among all the kings of the
To understand the characteristics of ginseng culture across different eras, an analysis was conducted on the frequency of occurrence of ginseng by specific types across centuries, as shown in Table 3. There were a total of 23 types of ginseng recorded in the annals, with a frequency of 3,828 mentions. Excluding the general term
Table 3 . Classification and frequency of Ginseng by century.
Category | Variation | 15C | 16C | 17C | 18C | 19C | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginseng | 蔘 | 502(19.1)1) | 82(3.1) | 393(15.0) | 1,225(46.6) | 425(16.2) | 2,627 | |
Regular ginseng | 眞蔘 | - | - | - | 1(100) | - | 1 | |
胡蔘 | - | - | - | 4(100) | - | 4 | ||
體蔘 | - | - | - | 26(100) | - | 26 | ||
羅蔘 | - | - | - | 40(90.9) | 4(9.1) | 44 | ||
人蔘 | 440(63.3) | 13(1.9) | 84(12.1) | 106(15.3) | 52(7.5) | 695 | ||
山蔘 | 6(31.6) | 3(15.8) | 1(5.3) | 2(10.5) | 7(36.8) | 19 | ||
羊角蔘 | - | - | 2(100) | - | - | 2 | ||
subtotal | 446(56.4) | 16(2.0) | 87(11.0) | 179(22.6) | 63(8.0) | 791 | ||
Processed ginseng | 把蔘 | - | - | 35(97.2) | 1(2.8) | - | 36 | |
尾蔘 | - | - | - | 45(100) | - | 45 | ||
紅蔘 | - | - | - | 3(13.6) | 19(86.4) | 22 | ||
造蔘 | - | - | - | 13(81.3) | 3(18.8) | 16 | ||
包蔘 | - | - | - | 4(10.0) | 36(90.0) | 40 | ||
ginseng tea | 蔘茶 | - | - | 1(2.9) | 32(94.1) | 1(2.9) | 34 | |
subtotal | - | - | 36(18.7) | 98(50.8) | 59(30.6) | 193 | ||
Public payment ginseng | 稅蔘 | - | - | 2(8.3) | 22(91.7) | - | 24 | |
別貿蔘 | - | - | - | 7(100) | - | 7 | ||
家蔘 | - | - | - | 12(85.7) | 2(14.3) | 14 | ||
戶蔘 | - | - | - | 8(66.7) | 4(33.3) | 12 | ||
貢蔘 | 4(4.9) | - | 8(9.8) | 45(54.9) | 25(30.5) | 82 | ||
subtotal | 4(2.9) | - | 10(7.2) | 94(67.6) | 31(22.3) | 139 | ||
Trade ginseng | 禮單蔘 | - | - | - | 12(80.0) | 3(20.0) | 15 | |
信蔘 | - | - | - | 15(57.7) | 11(42.3) | 26 | ||
單蔘 | - | - | - | 19(54.3) | 16(45.7) | 35 | ||
換品蔘 | - | - | - | - | 2(100) | 2 | ||
subtotal | - | - | - | 46(59.0) | 32(41.0) | 78 | ||
Total | 952(24.9) | 98(2.6) | 526(13.7) | 1642(42.9) | 610(15.9) | 3,828 |
1) Number(percent).
In the records from the 15th century, there were 440 mentions of ginseng (63.3%), 6 mentions of sansam (31.6%), and 4 mentions of gongsam (4.9%). In the early
During the 16th century, there were 13 mentions of ginseng (1.9%) and 3 mentions of sansam (15.8%), marking the lowest frequency of occurrence throughout the
In the 17th century, there were 84 mentions of ginseng (12.1%), 1 mention of
The 18th century witnessed the highest variety and frequency of ginseng types. Among the common ginseng types,
In the 19th century, there were 4 mentions of
Examining the overall occurrence frequency of various ginseng types throughout the 500-year historical flow of the
Generic ginseng types like insam and sansam appeared most frequently in the 15th century with 446 occurrences (56.4%), followed by the 18th century with 179 occurrences (22.6%), the 17th century with 87 occurrences (11.0%), the 19th century with 63 occurrences (8.0%), and the 16th century with 16 occurrences (2.0%). Processed ginseng types like hongsam and posam showed higher occurrences in the 18th century with 98 occurrences (50.8%), the 19th century with 59 occurrences (30.6%), and the 17th century with 36 occurrences (18.7%). Gongnapsam (tribute ginseng) appeared with 94 occurrences (67.6%) in the 18th century, 31 occurrences (22.3%) in the 19th century, 10 occurrences (7.2%) in the 17th century, and 4 occurrences (2.9%) in the 15th century, indicating the emergence of
In this study, an analysis of the '
The extraction of all words related to ginseng in the Annals revealed that the unique term for ginseng, '
In order to assess the level of interest in ginseng across different reigns during the
Analyzing the appearance status of ginseng by century and ginseng product types aimed at understanding the cultural characteristics of ginseng during the
The 16th century, with the lowest frequency of ginseng appearance, was a unique period marked by the
With the arrival of
Another ginseng type that surfaced in the 18th century was
When the
To overcome this, in 1707 (the 33rd year of King
In the 19th century, the prominent ginseng type with a noticeable appearance frequency was
Through an overarching examination of the temporal changes in ginseng appearances during the
The emergence frequency of processed ginseng types such as
Not applicable
The authors have no conflicting financial interests.
Table 1 . Data collection by web-crawling.
Korean(N) | Missing(N) | Rate(%) | Chinese Characters(N) | Missing(N) | Rate(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
384,565 | 39 | 0.01 | 384,567 | 38 | 0.01 |
Table 2 . Classification and frequency of Ginseng in 『
Category | Variation | Word | Number | Percent(%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representative | CN1) | ginseng | 蔘 | 2,627 | |
Regular ginseng | Environment | 眞蔘 | 1 | 0.13 | |
人蔘 | 695 | 87.86 | |||
山蔘 | 19 | 2.40 | |||
Cultivated land | 胡蔘 | 4 | 0.51 | ||
羅蔘 | 44 | 5.56 | |||
Shape | 體蔘 | 26 | 3.29 | ||
羊角蔘 | 2 | 0.25 | |||
subtotal | 791 | ||||
Processed ginseng | 把蔘 | 36 | 18.65 | ||
尾蔘 | 45 | 23.32 | |||
紅蔘 | 22 | 11.40 | |||
造蔘 | 16 | 8.29 | |||
包蔘 | 40 | 20.73 | |||
ginseng tea | 蔘茶 | 34 | 17.62 | ||
subtotal | 193 | ||||
Public payment ginseng | 稅蔘 | 24 | 17.27 | ||
別貿蔘 | 7 | 5.04 | |||
家蔘 | 14 | 10.07 | |||
戶蔘 | 12 | 8.63 | |||
貢蔘 | 82 | 58.99 | |||
subtotal | 139 | ||||
Trade ginseng | 禮單蔘 | 15 | 19.23 | ||
信蔘 | 26 | 33.33 | |||
單蔘 | 35 | 44.87 | |||
換品蔘 | 2 | 2.56 | |||
subtotal | 78 | ||||
Total | 3,828 |
1) CN: Collective Noun.
Table 3 . Classification and frequency of Ginseng by century.
Category | Variation | 15C | 16C | 17C | 18C | 19C | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginseng | 蔘 | 502(19.1)1) | 82(3.1) | 393(15.0) | 1,225(46.6) | 425(16.2) | 2,627 | |
Regular ginseng | 眞蔘 | - | - | - | 1(100) | - | 1 | |
胡蔘 | - | - | - | 4(100) | - | 4 | ||
體蔘 | - | - | - | 26(100) | - | 26 | ||
羅蔘 | - | - | - | 40(90.9) | 4(9.1) | 44 | ||
人蔘 | 440(63.3) | 13(1.9) | 84(12.1) | 106(15.3) | 52(7.5) | 695 | ||
山蔘 | 6(31.6) | 3(15.8) | 1(5.3) | 2(10.5) | 7(36.8) | 19 | ||
羊角蔘 | - | - | 2(100) | - | - | 2 | ||
subtotal | 446(56.4) | 16(2.0) | 87(11.0) | 179(22.6) | 63(8.0) | 791 | ||
Processed ginseng | 把蔘 | - | - | 35(97.2) | 1(2.8) | - | 36 | |
尾蔘 | - | - | - | 45(100) | - | 45 | ||
紅蔘 | - | - | - | 3(13.6) | 19(86.4) | 22 | ||
造蔘 | - | - | - | 13(81.3) | 3(18.8) | 16 | ||
包蔘 | - | - | - | 4(10.0) | 36(90.0) | 40 | ||
ginseng tea | 蔘茶 | - | - | 1(2.9) | 32(94.1) | 1(2.9) | 34 | |
subtotal | - | - | 36(18.7) | 98(50.8) | 59(30.6) | 193 | ||
Public payment ginseng | 稅蔘 | - | - | 2(8.3) | 22(91.7) | - | 24 | |
別貿蔘 | - | - | - | 7(100) | - | 7 | ||
家蔘 | - | - | - | 12(85.7) | 2(14.3) | 14 | ||
戶蔘 | - | - | - | 8(66.7) | 4(33.3) | 12 | ||
貢蔘 | 4(4.9) | - | 8(9.8) | 45(54.9) | 25(30.5) | 82 | ||
subtotal | 4(2.9) | - | 10(7.2) | 94(67.6) | 31(22.3) | 139 | ||
Trade ginseng | 禮單蔘 | - | - | - | 12(80.0) | 3(20.0) | 15 | |
信蔘 | - | - | - | 15(57.7) | 11(42.3) | 26 | ||
單蔘 | - | - | - | 19(54.3) | 16(45.7) | 35 | ||
換品蔘 | - | - | - | - | 2(100) | 2 | ||
subtotal | - | - | - | 46(59.0) | 32(41.0) | 78 | ||
Total | 952(24.9) | 98(2.6) | 526(13.7) | 1642(42.9) | 610(15.9) | 3,828 |
1) Number(percent).
Szeto, Yim Tong; Wong, Kam Shing; Kalle, Wouter; Pak, Sok Cheon
CellMed 2013; 3(3): 22.1-22.10