Case Report

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CellMed 2024; 14(15): 3.1-3.3

Published online November 29, 2024

https://doi.org/10.5667/CellMed.spc.105

© Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical Association

세포교정영양요법(OCNT)을 이용한 요실금 개선 사례 연구

강은경 약사

충청북도 진천군 광혜원면 화랑길 29 LH2 단지 상가동 103호 앤약국

A Case Study on Improving Urinary Incontinence Using Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT)

Pharmacist, Eunkyung Kang

Anne Pharmacy, #103, LH2 Complex Commercial Building, 29, Hwarang-gil, Gwanghyewon-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea

Correspondence to : Eunkyung Kang
E-mail: annelike9@naver.com

☨ This report has been translated and edited by the CellMed editor-in-chief, Prof. Beom-Jin Lee.

Received: November 29, 2024; Accepted: November 29, 2024

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)

Objective: Case report on the improvement of urinary incontinence through Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT).
Methods: OCNT was applied to an elderly Korean woman in her 80s experiencing symptoms of urinary incontinence.
Results: After the implementation of OCNT, significant improvements were observed not only in urinary incontinence symptoms but also in concurrent symptoms such as edema.
Conclusion: The application of OCNT can be beneficial in alleviating symptoms for patients suffering from urinary incontinence.

Keywords Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT), urinary incontinence, lumbar pain, leg pain, edema

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a condition in which the ability to control urination is lost, leading to involuntary urine leakage. This can wet the undergarments without the individual’s awareness, posing social or hygienic problems.1

The causes of urinary incontinence can be attributed to functional abnormalities in the bladder and urethral sphincter. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during activities such as sneezing or coughing, depending on the situation. Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) involves involuntary urine leakage that occurs either simultaneously with or immediately after the sensation of urgency. Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) is a condition in which both stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence coexist.2

Treatment for urinary incontinence is broadly divided into non-surgical and surgical methods tailored to the type of incontinence:

1. Stress Urinary Incontinence

- Non-surgical treatments (pelvic floor muscle exercises, biofeedback, electrical stimulation therapy, extracorporeal magnetic therapy, and pharmacotherapy), surgical treatments

2. Urgency Urinary Incontinence

- Behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy (anticholinergics, beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists), with surgical treatments as options.

3. Mixed Urinary Incontinence

- A combination of surgical and pharmacological treatments.

These treatments can be applied, with pharmacological interventions generally showing a high success rate. Also, proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment can lead to satisfactory outcomes.

The patient, being of advanced age, suffered physically and psychologically due to urinary incontinence that limited her ability to spend extended periods outdoors. Therefore, Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT) was applied to induce symptom improvement, and it showed significant results. Thus, this case is reported with the patient’s consent.

1. Subject

A case study was conducted on a single patient with urinary incontinence.

1) Name: Kim OO (F/81 years old)

2) Diagnosis: Urinary incontinence

3) Date of onset: May 2023

4) Treatment duration: August 2024 to present

5) Primary symptoms: Urinary incontinence, lumbar pain, leg pain, edema

6) Medical history: None

7) Social history: None

8) Family history: None

9) Current medical conditions and medications: Detailed in Table 1.

Table 1 . Current medical conditions and medications.

Symptoms and CategoriesMedications and IngredientsDosage
Hypertension, anginaAnydipine tablets 5mg1 tablet once a day
Olmetec tablets 10mg
Aspirin Protect tablets 100 mg
Laf-one tablets 10 mg
Dilatrend tablets 6.25 mg0.5 tablet once a day
Depression, insomniaWhanin Clonazepam tablets 0.5mg1 tablet twice a day
Sandoz Escitalopram tablets 10 mg
Zolpicin tablets 10 mg
Silvercept tablets 5 mg
Osteoarthritis*Celeb capsules 200mg1 tablet once a day
Seperisone tablets1 tablet twice a day
Mosapin tablets
Medica Rebacid tablets
Health supplementsCalcium, magnesium, vitamin D complex-
Probiotics
Pumpkin seed extract
Propolis
MSM**

* Taken as needed, not daily

** Ingredients started along with the OCNT treatment



2. Methods

The OCNT was prescribed as follows:

- First Phase OCNT (August 19, 2024)

Aqua SAC Pure (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

- Second Phase OCNT (August 20, 2024 to October 29, 2024)

Aqua SAC Pure (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Heartberry Black (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Cyaplex Mineral Rock Salt (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

- Third Phase OCNT (October 30, 2024 to present)

Aqua SAC Pure (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Heartberry Black (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Cyaplex Mineral Bamboo Salt (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

The patient was instructed to dilute the prescribed OCNT in 1 liter of water and consume it together.

The patient had been suffering from various symptoms associated with urinary incontinence for a long time and had not seen significant improvement, leading to progression of OCNT.

About one week after applying OCNT, an improvement in urinary incontinence symptoms was observed, along with a reduction in the associated lumbar and leg pain, and edema.

After one month of OCNT, there was a significant improvement in lumbar and leg pain, and the patient reported being able to undertake long-duration trips that were previously impossible. As a result, the associated physical fatigue and social issues experienced by the patient showed considerable improvement. Table 2 illustrates the degree of symptoms experienced by patients during OCNT.

Table 2 . Degree of symptoms experienced by patients during OCNT. The discomfort experienced by the patient increases from 0 to 5.

Rounds1st (Aug 19, 2024)2nd (Aug 20, 2024)3rd (Aug 28, 2024)4th (Sep 02, 2024)5th (Oct 30, 2024)Note
Symptoms
Urinary incontinence54321Mild nocturia remains, but the discomfort has improved to the extent that long-distance travel is possible without the use of adult diapers.
Lumbar and leg pain55322The patient had long-term symptoms requiring hospital visits, prescriptions for medications, and injections, but the frequency of hospital visits and medication intake has decreased.
Edema54333The edema improved to a degree where visible morphological changes could be observed.

0: No symptoms and no impact on daily life, 1: Mild symptoms with almost no impact on daily life, 2: Clearer symptoms requiring some adaptation in daily activities, 3: Symptoms significantly impacting daily life and causing difficulty in performing some activities, 4: Symptoms causing major difficulties in daily activities, 5: Discomfort causing severe stress in daily life.


The subject was an elderly Korean woman in her eighties suffering from urinary incontinence. The patient had been experiencing various symptoms related to urinary incontinence for over a year but had never sought hospital treatment due to feelings of shame about her condition. Subsequently, symptoms such as lumbar pain, leg pain, and edema worsened to the point where daily activities became impossible, leading her to visit a pharmacy in May 2024.

Initially, the patient reported symptoms of cystitis, which were presumed to be caused by fatigue, and was prescribed Yobisin tablets (Yongdamsagan-tang), Badis Ext. Granules (Jeolyeong-tang), bamboo leaf extract, propolis, and pumpkin seed extract. However, these interventions had minimal effect with only minor improvements and frequent relapses. During this period, the patient substituted water with milk based on advice that milk was beneficial for health, and her incontinence was assessed as being due to desiccation. Therefore, OCNT was initiated to improve this condition.

The cause of incontinence was suspected to be desiccation, where the body fails to properly reabsorb fluids, prompting the prescription of Aqua SAC Pure. This contains a variety of high-quality trace minerals. These minerals help hydrate the body and supply electrolytes like magnesium and calcium, aiding in muscle function, nerve transmission, and maintaining cellular water balance.3 This application improved the desiccation and started improving the diuretic response, thus alleviating the incontinence symptoms. Additional minerals were supplied with Cyaplex Mineral Rock Salt, and Heartberry Black was prescribed to provide polyphenols and other nutrients.

Heartberry Black contains a high concentration of anthocyanins from Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) extract, aiding in natural healing processes by reducing inflammation and aging through free radical elimination. Also, it enhances immune functions to support cellular regeneration.4 Moreover, aronia is recognized for its powerful antioxidant activity, which helps protect against various diseases by inhibiting mucosal damage and cell growth.5-7 Extracts from Aronia berry are known to reduce platelet adhesion and aggregation, while also lower the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory markers.8,9

Aronia berries exhibit the highest antioxidant activity among commonly used berries, surpassing even blueberries and cranberries, which is attributed to their high content of phenolic compounds.10,11 Numerous studies using cells and animal models have shown that proanthocyanidins in Aronia possess numerous health benefits, including antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, DNA repair, and anti-tumor effects.12 Specifically, studies report that it alleviates pain associated with conditions like cystitis, prostatitis, overactive bladder, incontinence, and bladder disorders.13

In this case, the patient experienced significant improvements in desiccation and urinary incontinence symptoms through OCNT and was able to go on long trips without the need for diapers. This improvement enabled her to undertake long-distance travel, which had previously been impossible. Additionally, cellular activation and the removal of free radicals provided anti-fatigue and anti-inflammatory effects, improving accompanying lumbar and leg pains.

This case study does not universally apply to all individuals with urinary incontinence as it focuses on a single patient. However, the consistent application of OCNT greatly improved the patient's quality of life even with a small dosage. Therefore, this case is reported with the patient’s consent.

  1. Rovner ES, Wyman J, Lam S. Urinary Incontinence. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 10e. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017.
  2. Shin JH. Diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in female patients. Korean Journal of Family Practice. 2022;12(4):217-222.
    CrossRef
  3. El Soury M, Fornasari BE, Carta G, Zen F, Haastert-Talini K, Ronchi G. The role of dietary nutrients in peripheral nerve regeneration. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(14):7417.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  4. Kim HR, Lee EJ, Chae HJ. Bioefficacy Evaluation of Non-edible Parts of Aronia melanocarpa for the Use of Functional Biomaterials. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology. 2020;10(2):89-95.
  5. Valcheva-Kuzmanova S, Marazova K, Krasnaliev I, Galunska B, Borisova P, Belcheva A. Effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2005;56(6):385-392.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  6. Lala G, Malik M, Zhao C, et al. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats. Nutrition and cancer. 2006;54(1):84-93.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Jeong J-M. Antioxidative and antiallergic effects of aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) extract. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2008;37(9):1109-1113.
    CrossRef
  8. Han G-L, Li C-M, Mazza G, Yang X-G. Effect of anthocyanin rich fruit extract on PGE2 produced by endothelial cells. Wei sheng yan jiu= Journal of hygiene research. 2005;34(5):581-584.
  9. Olas B, Wachowicz B, Tomczak A, Erler J, Stochmal A, Oleszek W. Comparative anti-platelet and antioxidant properties of polyphenol-rich extracts from: berries of Aronia melanocarpa, seeds of grape and bark of Yucca schidigera in vitro. Platelets. 2008;19(1):70-77.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  10. Zheng W, Wang SY. Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2003;51(2):502-509.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  11. Li H, Jeong JM. Antioxidant activities of various berries ethanolic extract. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 2015;23(1):49-56.
    CrossRef
  12. Cheon H-J, Park SY, Jang H-J, et al. Proanthocyanidins Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Inflammatory Responses via Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction in RAW264. 7 Macrophages. 생명과학회지. 2019;29(4):484-491.
  13. Cosentino V, Militello A, Lauria G. Short-term effects of a dietary supplement on lower urinary tract symptoms. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. Nov-dec 2018;32(6):1557-1563.

Article

Case Report

CellMed 2024; 14(15): 3.1-3.3

Published online November 29, 2024 https://doi.org/10.5667/CellMed.spc.105

Copyright © Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical Association.

세포교정영양요법(OCNT)을 이용한 요실금 개선 사례 연구

강은경 약사

충청북도 진천군 광혜원면 화랑길 29 LH2 단지 상가동 103호 앤약국

Received: November 29, 2024; Accepted: November 29, 2024

A Case Study on Improving Urinary Incontinence Using Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT)

Pharmacist, Eunkyung Kang

Anne Pharmacy, #103, LH2 Complex Commercial Building, 29, Hwarang-gil, Gwanghyewon-myeon, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea

Correspondence to:Eunkyung Kang
E-mail: annelike9@naver.com

☨ This report has been translated and edited by the CellMed editor-in-chief, Prof. Beom-Jin Lee.

Received: November 29, 2024; Accepted: November 29, 2024

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)

Abstract

Objective: Case report on the improvement of urinary incontinence through Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT).
Methods: OCNT was applied to an elderly Korean woman in her 80s experiencing symptoms of urinary incontinence.
Results: After the implementation of OCNT, significant improvements were observed not only in urinary incontinence symptoms but also in concurrent symptoms such as edema.
Conclusion: The application of OCNT can be beneficial in alleviating symptoms for patients suffering from urinary incontinence.

Keywords: Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT), urinary incontinence, lumbar pain, leg pain, edema

Introduction

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a condition in which the ability to control urination is lost, leading to involuntary urine leakage. This can wet the undergarments without the individual’s awareness, posing social or hygienic problems.1

The causes of urinary incontinence can be attributed to functional abnormalities in the bladder and urethral sphincter. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during activities such as sneezing or coughing, depending on the situation. Urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) involves involuntary urine leakage that occurs either simultaneously with or immediately after the sensation of urgency. Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) is a condition in which both stress urinary incontinence and urgency urinary incontinence coexist.2

Treatment for urinary incontinence is broadly divided into non-surgical and surgical methods tailored to the type of incontinence:

1. Stress Urinary Incontinence

- Non-surgical treatments (pelvic floor muscle exercises, biofeedback, electrical stimulation therapy, extracorporeal magnetic therapy, and pharmacotherapy), surgical treatments

2. Urgency Urinary Incontinence

- Behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy (anticholinergics, beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists), with surgical treatments as options.

3. Mixed Urinary Incontinence

- A combination of surgical and pharmacological treatments.

These treatments can be applied, with pharmacological interventions generally showing a high success rate. Also, proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment can lead to satisfactory outcomes.

The patient, being of advanced age, suffered physically and psychologically due to urinary incontinence that limited her ability to spend extended periods outdoors. Therefore, Ortho-Cellular Nutrition Therapy (OCNT) was applied to induce symptom improvement, and it showed significant results. Thus, this case is reported with the patient’s consent.

Case Study

1. Subject

A case study was conducted on a single patient with urinary incontinence.

1) Name: Kim OO (F/81 years old)

2) Diagnosis: Urinary incontinence

3) Date of onset: May 2023

4) Treatment duration: August 2024 to present

5) Primary symptoms: Urinary incontinence, lumbar pain, leg pain, edema

6) Medical history: None

7) Social history: None

8) Family history: None

9) Current medical conditions and medications: Detailed in Table 1.

Table 1 . Current medical conditions and medications..

Symptoms and CategoriesMedications and IngredientsDosage
Hypertension, anginaAnydipine tablets 5mg1 tablet once a day
Olmetec tablets 10mg
Aspirin Protect tablets 100 mg
Laf-one tablets 10 mg
Dilatrend tablets 6.25 mg0.5 tablet once a day
Depression, insomniaWhanin Clonazepam tablets 0.5mg1 tablet twice a day
Sandoz Escitalopram tablets 10 mg
Zolpicin tablets 10 mg
Silvercept tablets 5 mg
Osteoarthritis*Celeb capsules 200mg1 tablet once a day
Seperisone tablets1 tablet twice a day
Mosapin tablets
Medica Rebacid tablets
Health supplementsCalcium, magnesium, vitamin D complex-
Probiotics
Pumpkin seed extract
Propolis
MSM**

* Taken as needed, not daily.

** Ingredients started along with the OCNT treatment.



2. Methods

The OCNT was prescribed as follows:

- First Phase OCNT (August 19, 2024)

Aqua SAC Pure (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

- Second Phase OCNT (August 20, 2024 to October 29, 2024)

Aqua SAC Pure (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Heartberry Black (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Cyaplex Mineral Rock Salt (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

- Third Phase OCNT (October 30, 2024 to present)

Aqua SAC Pure (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Heartberry Black (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

Cyaplex Mineral Bamboo Salt (100, once a day, 1 sachet each time)

The patient was instructed to dilute the prescribed OCNT in 1 liter of water and consume it together.

Results

The patient had been suffering from various symptoms associated with urinary incontinence for a long time and had not seen significant improvement, leading to progression of OCNT.

About one week after applying OCNT, an improvement in urinary incontinence symptoms was observed, along with a reduction in the associated lumbar and leg pain, and edema.

After one month of OCNT, there was a significant improvement in lumbar and leg pain, and the patient reported being able to undertake long-duration trips that were previously impossible. As a result, the associated physical fatigue and social issues experienced by the patient showed considerable improvement. Table 2 illustrates the degree of symptoms experienced by patients during OCNT.

Table 2 . Degree of symptoms experienced by patients during OCNT. The discomfort experienced by the patient increases from 0 to 5..

Rounds1st (Aug 19, 2024)2nd (Aug 20, 2024)3rd (Aug 28, 2024)4th (Sep 02, 2024)5th (Oct 30, 2024)Note
Symptoms
Urinary incontinence54321Mild nocturia remains, but the discomfort has improved to the extent that long-distance travel is possible without the use of adult diapers.
Lumbar and leg pain55322The patient had long-term symptoms requiring hospital visits, prescriptions for medications, and injections, but the frequency of hospital visits and medication intake has decreased.
Edema54333The edema improved to a degree where visible morphological changes could be observed.

0: No symptoms and no impact on daily life, 1: Mild symptoms with almost no impact on daily life, 2: Clearer symptoms requiring some adaptation in daily activities, 3: Symptoms significantly impacting daily life and causing difficulty in performing some activities, 4: Symptoms causing major difficulties in daily activities, 5: Discomfort causing severe stress in daily life..


Discussion

The subject was an elderly Korean woman in her eighties suffering from urinary incontinence. The patient had been experiencing various symptoms related to urinary incontinence for over a year but had never sought hospital treatment due to feelings of shame about her condition. Subsequently, symptoms such as lumbar pain, leg pain, and edema worsened to the point where daily activities became impossible, leading her to visit a pharmacy in May 2024.

Initially, the patient reported symptoms of cystitis, which were presumed to be caused by fatigue, and was prescribed Yobisin tablets (Yongdamsagan-tang), Badis Ext. Granules (Jeolyeong-tang), bamboo leaf extract, propolis, and pumpkin seed extract. However, these interventions had minimal effect with only minor improvements and frequent relapses. During this period, the patient substituted water with milk based on advice that milk was beneficial for health, and her incontinence was assessed as being due to desiccation. Therefore, OCNT was initiated to improve this condition.

The cause of incontinence was suspected to be desiccation, where the body fails to properly reabsorb fluids, prompting the prescription of Aqua SAC Pure. This contains a variety of high-quality trace minerals. These minerals help hydrate the body and supply electrolytes like magnesium and calcium, aiding in muscle function, nerve transmission, and maintaining cellular water balance.3 This application improved the desiccation and started improving the diuretic response, thus alleviating the incontinence symptoms. Additional minerals were supplied with Cyaplex Mineral Rock Salt, and Heartberry Black was prescribed to provide polyphenols and other nutrients.

Heartberry Black contains a high concentration of anthocyanins from Aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) extract, aiding in natural healing processes by reducing inflammation and aging through free radical elimination. Also, it enhances immune functions to support cellular regeneration.4 Moreover, aronia is recognized for its powerful antioxidant activity, which helps protect against various diseases by inhibiting mucosal damage and cell growth.5-7 Extracts from Aronia berry are known to reduce platelet adhesion and aggregation, while also lower the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory markers.8,9

Aronia berries exhibit the highest antioxidant activity among commonly used berries, surpassing even blueberries and cranberries, which is attributed to their high content of phenolic compounds.10,11 Numerous studies using cells and animal models have shown that proanthocyanidins in Aronia possess numerous health benefits, including antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities, DNA repair, and anti-tumor effects.12 Specifically, studies report that it alleviates pain associated with conditions like cystitis, prostatitis, overactive bladder, incontinence, and bladder disorders.13

In this case, the patient experienced significant improvements in desiccation and urinary incontinence symptoms through OCNT and was able to go on long trips without the need for diapers. This improvement enabled her to undertake long-distance travel, which had previously been impossible. Additionally, cellular activation and the removal of free radicals provided anti-fatigue and anti-inflammatory effects, improving accompanying lumbar and leg pains.

This case study does not universally apply to all individuals with urinary incontinence as it focuses on a single patient. However, the consistent application of OCNT greatly improved the patient's quality of life even with a small dosage. Therefore, this case is reported with the patient’s consent.

Table 1 . Current medical conditions and medications..

Symptoms and CategoriesMedications and IngredientsDosage
Hypertension, anginaAnydipine tablets 5mg1 tablet once a day
Olmetec tablets 10mg
Aspirin Protect tablets 100 mg
Laf-one tablets 10 mg
Dilatrend tablets 6.25 mg0.5 tablet once a day
Depression, insomniaWhanin Clonazepam tablets 0.5mg1 tablet twice a day
Sandoz Escitalopram tablets 10 mg
Zolpicin tablets 10 mg
Silvercept tablets 5 mg
Osteoarthritis*Celeb capsules 200mg1 tablet once a day
Seperisone tablets1 tablet twice a day
Mosapin tablets
Medica Rebacid tablets
Health supplementsCalcium, magnesium, vitamin D complex-
Probiotics
Pumpkin seed extract
Propolis
MSM**

* Taken as needed, not daily.

** Ingredients started along with the OCNT treatment.


Table 2 . Degree of symptoms experienced by patients during OCNT. The discomfort experienced by the patient increases from 0 to 5..

Rounds1st (Aug 19, 2024)2nd (Aug 20, 2024)3rd (Aug 28, 2024)4th (Sep 02, 2024)5th (Oct 30, 2024)Note
Symptoms
Urinary incontinence54321Mild nocturia remains, but the discomfort has improved to the extent that long-distance travel is possible without the use of adult diapers.
Lumbar and leg pain55322The patient had long-term symptoms requiring hospital visits, prescriptions for medications, and injections, but the frequency of hospital visits and medication intake has decreased.
Edema54333The edema improved to a degree where visible morphological changes could be observed.

0: No symptoms and no impact on daily life, 1: Mild symptoms with almost no impact on daily life, 2: Clearer symptoms requiring some adaptation in daily activities, 3: Symptoms significantly impacting daily life and causing difficulty in performing some activities, 4: Symptoms causing major difficulties in daily activities, 5: Discomfort causing severe stress in daily life..


References

  1. Rovner ES, Wyman J, Lam S. Urinary Incontinence. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 10e. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017.
  2. Shin JH. Diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence in female patients. Korean Journal of Family Practice. 2022;12(4):217-222.
    CrossRef
  3. El Soury M, Fornasari BE, Carta G, Zen F, Haastert-Talini K, Ronchi G. The role of dietary nutrients in peripheral nerve regeneration. International journal of molecular sciences. 2021;22(14):7417.
    Pubmed KoreaMed CrossRef
  4. Kim HR, Lee EJ, Chae HJ. Bioefficacy Evaluation of Non-edible Parts of Aronia melanocarpa for the Use of Functional Biomaterials. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology. 2020;10(2):89-95.
  5. Valcheva-Kuzmanova S, Marazova K, Krasnaliev I, Galunska B, Borisova P, Belcheva A. Effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative stress in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2005;56(6):385-392.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  6. Lala G, Malik M, Zhao C, et al. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats. Nutrition and cancer. 2006;54(1):84-93.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  7. Jeong J-M. Antioxidative and antiallergic effects of aronia (Aronia melanocarpa) extract. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2008;37(9):1109-1113.
    CrossRef
  8. Han G-L, Li C-M, Mazza G, Yang X-G. Effect of anthocyanin rich fruit extract on PGE2 produced by endothelial cells. Wei sheng yan jiu= Journal of hygiene research. 2005;34(5):581-584.
  9. Olas B, Wachowicz B, Tomczak A, Erler J, Stochmal A, Oleszek W. Comparative anti-platelet and antioxidant properties of polyphenol-rich extracts from: berries of Aronia melanocarpa, seeds of grape and bark of Yucca schidigera in vitro. Platelets. 2008;19(1):70-77.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  10. Zheng W, Wang SY. Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries, and lingonberries. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2003;51(2):502-509.
    Pubmed CrossRef
  11. Li H, Jeong JM. Antioxidant activities of various berries ethanolic extract. Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science. 2015;23(1):49-56.
    CrossRef
  12. Cheon H-J, Park SY, Jang H-J, et al. Proanthocyanidins Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Inflammatory Responses via Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction in RAW264. 7 Macrophages. 생명과학회지. 2019;29(4):484-491.
  13. Cosentino V, Militello A, Lauria G. Short-term effects of a dietary supplement on lower urinary tract symptoms. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. Nov-dec 2018;32(6):1557-1563.
CellMed
Nov 29, 2024 Vol.14 No.15, pp. 1.1~4.5

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